8/10 ^vtfm¸pIÄ; \hw_dnsâ \jvSw
\yqP\tdj³ XcwKw, \h kn\naIfpsS {]fbw, XntbädpIfn DÕhw XpS§n Fs´ms¡ _lf§fmbncp¶p aebmf kn\nabnÂ. A§s\ t{]£IÀ kpJnt¡WvS F¶v IWvSn«mhpw, \hw_dn CjvSw t]mse XÃns¸mfn kn\naIÄ dneokv sNbvXv \½psS kn\nam¡mÀ AhcpsS \nehmcw Xncn¨p ]nSn¨p. ]¯v kn\naIÄ dneokv sNbvXXn an¡hbpw t{]£Is\ sImª\wIp¯p¶Xpw, Zpkz]v\w ImWn¡m³ t]m¶Xpamb Nn{X§Ä. ssa t_mkv, tN«mbokv F¶o Nn{X§sfmgn¨m _m¡nsbÃmw km¼¯nIambn AXoh KpcpXcmhØbnemWv Xntbädn \n¶pw aS§nbXv. sk]väw_À, HIvtSm_À amk§fpw aebmf kn\na¡v \jvS§Ä am{XamWv k½m\n¨Xv. Ccp]Xp kn\naIÄ Cu cWvSp amk§fnepambn ]cmPb¯nsâ cpNnbdnªp. tijw Cu \hw_À XpSÀ¨bmb F«p ]cmPb§fpsS IYbmWv t{]£IÀ¡v ap¼nte¡v AhXcn¸n¨Xv. \hw_dnse \jvS§Ä aebmf kn\nabpsS bYmÀY Nn{Xsa§s\ F¶v Im«n¯cp¶papWvSv.
ssa t_mkv
Zneo]v \mbI\mb ssa t_mkv F¶ Nn{XamWv \hw_À BZyw XntbädpIfnse¯nbXv. F¶s¯bpw t]mse Hcp Zneo]v Nn{Xw F¶Xv am{Xambncp¶p Pn¯p tPmk^v kwhn[m\w sNbvX ssat_mknsâ {]tXyIX. tlmfnhpUv kn\nabmb Zn {]t¸mk F¶ Nn{Xw AtX]Sn tIm¸nbSn¨XmsW¦nepw Nn{Xw Xotbädn lyqaÀ XcwKw sImWvSv {i²n¡s¸«p. Zneo]v, Iem`h³ jmtPm¬ F¶nhcpsS tImaUn \¼dpIfmWv kn\nasb {it²bam¡nbXv. Nn{Xw kq¸Àlnäv NmÀ«n CSw t\Snbn«pWvSv. F¶m Øncw tImaUn ImgvNIÄ¡¸pdw ssa t_mkv F´v BkzmZ\amWv \ÂIp¶Xv F¶Xpw Kuchtadnb tNmZyw Xs¶.
916
XpSÀs¶¯nb A\q]v tat\msâ 916 F¶ kn\nabn XpS§pIbmWv \hw_dnse ]cmPb§fpsS ]«nI. A\q]v tat\msâ _m¦nwMv Athgvkv F¶ X«n¡q«n\p ]n¶mse X«n¡q«m³ t]mepw an\s¡SmsX Xotbädnse¯n¨ Nn{XamWv 916. Cu t]cp t]mepw F´n\msW¶v kn\na ImWp¶hÀ¡v a\knemInà F¶XmWv kXyw. IY ]dbpt¼mÄ F¶ Nn{Xw kwhn[m\w sNbvX Fw. taml\³ Xs¶tbm 916 kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv F¶v t{]£IÀ¡v \ymbambpw kwibw tXm¶mw. F´n\v C§s\ Nn{X§Ä ]S¨psh¡p¶p F¶v kwibw tXm¶n¸n¡p¶ coXnbnemWv 916 Hcp¡nbncn¡p¶Xv. Ipd¨p IqSn hen¨p \o«n saKmkocnb ]cph¯nem¡nbmepw Snhn¡v ap¼nepw 916\v ]¯v t{]£Isc In«ptam F¶v kwibw.
Xo{hw
dneokn\p apt¼ t{]£Icn Gsd {]Xo£ krjvSn¨ Nn{XamWv Xo{hw. ]et¸mgpw tI«p ]gInb Hcp {]tabhpamWv Xo{h¯ntâXv. F¶m BIÀjWw tXm¶p¶Xpamb Hcp {]tabw. AXv ]pXpatbmsS Hcp¡m\mWv kwhn[mbI³ cpt]jv ]oXmw_c³ {ian¨Xv. ]s£ ]pXpa¡v {ian¨t¸mÄ kn\na kwhn[mbIsâ ssIhn«p t]mbn F¶XmWv kXyw. A§s\ Xo{hw XoÀ¯pw ZpÀ_eambn ]cyhkm\n¨p. Zp¡À kÂam³ cWvSv hnPb§Ä¡p tijw BZy ]cmPbw Xo{h¯neqsS Gäphm§n. \hmKXÀ¡nSbn Gsd {]Xo£ \ÂIp¶ Xmcamb ZpÄ¡À kn\naIÄ XncsªSp¡pt¼mÄ Gsd {i²nt¡WvSnbncn¡p¶p. AXpt]mse Iymad Kn½n¡pIfpw, t\m¬ eo\nbÀ FUnänwKpw am{XapsWvS¦n ]pXpabmIpw F¶ [mcWbpw kwhn[mbIÀ amtäWvSnbncn¡p¶p.
101 shÍnwKvkv
F¶s¯bpwt]mse DÕh¸Ssa¶ km[yXbnemWv jm^n 101 shÍnwKvkv F¶ kn\nabpw Hcp¡nbXv. Ct¸mgs¯ lnäv tIm¼nt\j\mb _nPp tat\m³ þ Ip©mt¡m t_m_³ Soans\bpw, Pbkqcysb s]¬thjw sI«n¨psams¡ Cu kn\nabn DÄs¸Sp¯nsb¦nepw "101' Hcp \\ª ]S¡ambn amdpIbmbncp¶p. Nn{X¯nsâ t]mÌdpIÄ t]mepw t{]£Isc BIÀjn¨tXbnÃ. AdnbmsX Xotbädnse¯nb t{]£Icmhs« X«n¡q«v tImaUnIfpw ]gb jm^n Nn{X§fpsS ]pXnb AhXcWhpsaÃmw IWvSv a\kp aSp¯mWv Xotbädn \n¶pw ]pdt¯¡v h¶Xv.
AÀ²\mcn
kt´mjv ku]À®nI kwhn[m\w sNbvX AÀ²\mcn F¶ Nn{X¯n\pw t_mIvkv Hm^okn ]cmPbw Xs¶bmbncp¶p t\cn«Xv. F¶m XotbäÀ hnPbw e£yw sh¨mbncp¶nà Fw.Pn {ioIpamÀ Cu Nn{Xw \nÀ½n¨Xv F¶p thWw a\knem¡m³. at\mPv.sI.Pbsâ hyXykvXamb A`n\b {]IS\w FSp¯p ]dtbWvSXmWv. XntbäÀ hnPb¯n\p thWvSn bmsXmcp Kn½n¡pIÄ D]tbmKn¡m\pw Nn{X¯nsâ AWnbd¡mÀ {ian¨n«panÃ.
CUnbävkv
t{]£Isc CUnbävkm¡m³ thWvSn am{Xw CUnbävkv Fs¶mcp kn\nabpw Xntbädnse¯nbncp¶p. aebmf kn\nabn Xs¶ C¯csamcp kwcw`w BZyambncn¡pw. aebmf kn\nabn Ct¸mgpw aWvS¯c§Ä¡v Hcp ]ªhpanà F¶v CUnbävkv sXfnbn¡p¶pWvSv. kwhn[mbI³ sI.Fkv _mh A]qÀÆamb Hcp hyXykvX Nn{Xambncn¡pw CUnbävkv Fs¶ms¡ ]dªt¸mÄ C{Xam{Xw hyXykvXX t{]£IÀ {]Xo£n¨n«pWvSmhnÃ. Bkn^v Aen, _m_pcmPv Fnhcmbncp¶p Nn{X¯nse A`nt\Xm¡Ä. ChcpsS A`n\b {]IS\s¯¡pdn¨v {]tXyIn¨v ]dbpIbpw thWvSXnetÃm. AXnat\mlcambncn¡psa¶v Duln¡mhp¶tXbpÅp. Nn{X¯nsâ IYsbs´¶v tNmZn¨mepw AXn\pw D¯canÃ. ImcWw A§s\sbm¶v Cu krjvSnbnsehnsSbpw ImWmt\bnÃ.
ko³ H¶v \½psS hoSv
AtX ]gb IY, AtX XamiIÄ, AtX skânaâkv, AtX Ic¨nÂ, AtX `mcybpw `À¯mhpw, AtX IY, Xnc¡Y, kw`mjWw, AtX \mSI kwhn[m\w. CXmWv ko³ H¶v \½psS hoSv F¶ kn\na. \hym\mbcpsS Xncn¨p hchv Nn{Xamb "ko³ H¶v \½psS hoSv' \hyt]mepw IWvSpImWm\nSbnÃ. Xntbädn Nn{Xw Kw`ocambn ]cmPbs¸«p. ssjPp A´n¡mSv kwhn[m\w sNbvX Cu Nn{X¯n emÂ, XneI³ F¶nhscms¡ {][m\ thj¯nse¯p¶psWvS¦nepw ko³ H¶v \½psS hoSv F¶ ]g©³ \mSIw ImWm³ t{]£IÀ Aev]w t]mepw XmXv]cyw ImWn¨nà F¶XmWv kXyw. C¯cw AXn]pcmX\ \mSI AhXcW ssien Hgnhm¡m³ C\nsb¦nepw \½psS kn\na¡mÀ {i²nt¡WvSnbncn¡p¶p.
s^bvkv Sp s^bvkv
a½q«nsb inhImin ]S¡¯nsâ {_m³Uv Aw_mknUdm¡Ww F¶mWv s^bvkv Sp s^bvkv F¶ kn\na IWvS Hcp t{]£I³ s^bvkv_p¡n IasâgpXnbXv. CXpt]mse hmepw XebpanÃm¯ Hcp kn\nabn \mbI\mhm³ a½q«nbÃmsX kt´mjv ]WvUnäv t]mepw an\s¡Spsa¶v tXm¶p¶nÃ. "Rm³ kpµc³' F¶ Bibw a½q«nsbs¡mWvSv \nc´cambn A_²§Ä sN¿n¡p¶p F¶Xnsâ Gähpw HSphnes¯ DZmlcWamWv s^bvkv Sp s^bvkv. kuµcyhpw ^mj³hkv{X§fpwsImWvSà a½q«n F¶ anI¨ \S³ hfÀ¶p h¶Xv F¶v At±l¯nsâ kuµcys¯ hmgv¯p¶ kn\na¡mÀ a\knem¡nbnsænepw Ipdª ]£w a½q«nsb¦nepw Cu bmYmÀYyw Xncn¨dntbWvSXpWvSv. Asæn ]cmPb§fpsS Imcy¯n Hcp UkWpw ]n¶n«v a½q«n ssP{Xbm{X \S¯p¶Xv t{]£IÀ ImtWWvSn hcpw.
AhnthIsat¶m, AdnhnÃmbvasbt¶m F´pthWsa¦nepw hntijn¸n¡mw s^bvkv Sp s^bvkv F¶ kn\nasb. ]s£ F´n\pw Hcp ]cn[nbpsWvS¶v hn.Fw hn\p a\knem¡p¶Xv \¶v. CXn IqSpX Cu kn\nasb¡pdn¨v Hc£cw t]mepw ]dbp¶XÃ. ImcWw ]dbm³ t]mepw H¶panà F¶Xv Xs¶.
tN«mbokv
kulrZ Iq«psI«nsâ kn\naIÄ ]et¸mgpw hnPbw t\Snbn«pWvSv aebmf kn\nabnÂ. C³lÀlÀ \KÀ, \¼À sSzân a{Zmkv sabnÂ, tdm¡v B³Uv tdmÄ XpS§nb ]e ImeL«¯nepw cknI³ kulrZ¡q«v Nn{X§Ä \½Ä IWvSn«pWvSv. F¶m kao]Ime¯v kulrZ¡q«v Nn{X§Ä aebmf¯n XoÀ¯pw ]cmPbs¸Sp¶ ImgvNIfmbncp¶p. dnb Sowkv]ncnäv Fs´¶v ImWn¨psImSp¡m³ IgnbmXncp¶Xv Xs¶ ImcWw. F¶m ChnsS hnPbn¡pIbmWv Xnc¡YmIr¯v k¨nbpw kwhn[mbI³ jmPq¬ Imcymepw.
shdpsamcp aZy]m\ kZtkm, Xami¡q«tam am{Xaà tN«mbokv F¶ kn\nabn \½Ä ImWp¶Xv. tN«mboknse Htcm IYm]m{X¯n\pw IrXyamb sse^pWvSv, hyànXzhpapWvSv. AXpsImWvSp Xs¶ tN«mbokv t{]£IÀ¡v CjvSs¸Smw. emÂ, kptcjv IrjvW, _nPptat\m³, ]n.kpIpamÀ, kp\n _m_p F¶o A`nt\Xm¡Ä anI¨ {]IS\w Xs¶ kn\nabn ImgvNsh¨ncn¡p¶p. F¶m kulrZ¯nsâ ck§Ä¡¸pdt¯¡v kn\na Imcyambn IS¶p sNÃp¶panÃ. cWvSpaWn¡qÀ Hcp cknI³ I¼n\nbn IqSnbncn¡m³ XmXv]cyapÅhÀ¡v ImWmhp¶ kn\nabmWv tN«mbokv. Cu hÀjs¯ lnäpIfnsem¶mbn tN«mbokv amdpsa¶Xn kwibnt¡WvSXnÃ. aäp kn\naIfnteXv t]mse sFäw \¼À Um³tkm, AXncphnSp¶ AÇoeXamiItfm DÄs¸Sp¯msX Nncnsbmcp¡p¶ Xnc¡Y ]mIs¸Sp¯nb k¨n¡v XoÀ¨bmbpw A`nam\n¡mw.
t]m¸n³kv
Pb{]Imiv Iqfqcnsâ \mSIw hn.sI {]Imiv kn\nabm¡p¶p F¶v tI«t¸mÄ Xs¶ kIe temI aebmfnbpsSbpw a\kv \ndªncn¡Ww. kn\nabpsS t]cv t]m¸n³kv F¶p tI«t¸mÄ BtKmf aebmfn kaqlw BtLmjw sImWvSv ]q¯peªp ImWWw. PbkqcybpsSbpw Ip©mt¡m t_m_sâbpw ]ß{]obbpsSbpsams¡ ]S§Ä ASn¨p h¶ t]mÌdpIfpw IqSnbmbt¸mÄ \mSmsSbpÅ aebmfnIÄ BImw£ `cnXcmbn¡mWWw. F´psN¿mw {]Xo£n¨Xnt\¡mfpw henb t]cptZmjamWv hn.sI {]Imiv k¼mZn¨Xv. AXn iIew Pb{]Imiv Iqfqcns\t¸msesbmcp am\yhyàn¡pw In«nbXn am{Xta t{]£IÀ ZpJn¡m³ km[yXbpÅp.
A{X¡v sIt¦aamWv hn.sI {]Iminsâ t]m¸n³kv. t{]£Is\ F§s\ shdp¸n¡mw F¶Xn t]m¸n³kv IqSnbmIpt¼mÄ hn.sI.]n _ncpZm\´c _ncpZw t\Sn Ignªp. C\nbnt¸mÄ Jkm¡nsâ CXnlmkw kn\nabm¡m³ XmXv]cyapsWvS¶ hn.sI {]Iminsâ Hcp `ojnWn GtXm A`napJ¯n hmbn¨p. A§s\sb¦n aebmfn kaqlw sXcphnend§n kn\na¡msc \nb{´n¡p¶ Hcp Imew AXnhnZqcaà F¶p am{Xta ]dbm\pÅp.
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