I fully agree on to the History. Time has changed. No more of Kingship and we are depending on the majority Political Parties. Being a democratic country, it is time that we change the situation and that is why this question has come out. It should have been raised some years ago. But still I feel it is right time. There are lot of cases where the money received by the Devasom, no one knows where it is going. If we take the history and say that Chief Priest, Royal families, Feudal Lords, or nair Families have misappropriated the funds, then what is happening now is the same with the authorities and in fact it more now a days. Divide and Rule is the policy we should adopt in Democracy. The Local Bodies/ wards/Panchayat should Govern the Temples. Just because it is a devasom board, the money/charity coming has dropped al lot. If it is the Local Body people will know that the money will be used for the welfare of the Temple, then i am sure the charity flow will be more. Also think that the black money will also be diverted for such good cause. The same case goes to churches and Mosque and see how they are doing this welfare fund for the locals. If a rule is created how these local bodies should run by this charity fund, then they can used accordingly. Just think in your Panchayat/ Ward how many people might require money for medical/education/ and other calamities. Don't you think that they can also be used for so many things in and around the temple. You will find a paradise in your Panchayat. You also should be aware the Policy where Once the King was ruling India, that the amount received 20% will be leaked but 80% will be there to spend. A Trust where senior citizens/retired people/ladies/Common people/the inmates etc except the Political Parties should be formed and set aside certain rules to abided. Now here comes the Devasom to see that if all this are going right on certain fees for audit mutually agreed by the Trust and devasom. Dont you think that this should adopted as soon as possible and relieve our Temples/God from the clutches of the Government, where they are using this amount for other purpose. Any Temple who does not want to form a trust they can be under Devasom. The choice to be given to the ward and its people. This subject goes more further with other peoples ideas and in put. i feel certain and serious changes is required. Whenever a rule is created for a minority it should be for a certain period not for centuries. If so the minority will become majority.
The whole country has changed, the values, the strength of money with the mass, no one is poor and it seems that the beggars can even donate. Old ways needs a change with the incoming of new generation and ideas, but also should take not to upset anybody and their culture.
Vimal Nair
To: Keralites@YahooGroups.com
From: mk_sabu71@yahoo.com
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2011 05:02:35 -0700
Subject: Re: [www.keralites.net] QUESTION-WHY ONLY HINDU TEMPLES UNDER DEVASOM
The system of forming Devaswoms is relatively new, a pratice started in late 17th century. Prior to that, most temples either had Brahmaswoms or Rajaswoms. In the Brahmaswomssystem, each temple and all of its assets are considered to be the private property of its chief priest, normally from Brahmin Nampoothiri families. Rajaswoms are where the properties belong to ruling feudal lords or Nair families or even small royal families. This system has created intense corruption as well as political rivalry, especially in case of Rajaswom ruled temples, thus losing sanctity. In many cases during wars, the rival army target the temples, as the opening of the temple gates to a rival army signals the defeat of ruling family.
Brahmaswoms were also challenged, on the grounds that many Nampoothiri families started misappropriating temple monies into personal funds which sometimes grew to rival that of the ruling families, which was considered a sign of arrogance and disrespect. With their great wealth some Nampoothiri families started meddling in politics, helping to decide who would be the next ruler by supporting one of the rival families.
The intense fragmentation of Kerala into small feudal states in 15th and 16th centuries caused Brahmaswoms and Rajaswoms to become more powerful, adding to political turmoils. In this sitution, powerful royal families like the Zamorins, the Cochin royal family, the Venad and others, decided to curb the growing powers of Brahmaswoms and Rajaswoms, through the formation of Devaswoms. These were perceived as neutral bodies, governed by a group of trustees who were elected or nominated by the state, but which could be changed by royal decree.
Samoothiri was one of the first rulers to implement this pratice, by curbing the powers of Malliserri Mana who ruled the Brahmaswom of Guruvayur. Samoothiri Raja Mana Vikram annexed the temple, declared it to be state property and appointed a body of trustees which included the Chief of Malliseeri Mana as well as other leading local Nampoothiri and Nair families. Many temples in Kozhikode followed suit.
When the political sovereignty of the Zamorin over Cochin ceased in 1762, the Cochin Maharaja started taking over most of the temples ruled by Nampoothiris and Nairs who had favoured the Zamorin. The immediate impact was the confiscation of properties at Yogaathiri (with Nampoothiri trustees) and Ooraalaars (Nair trustees), and the temples managed by them came under the administration of the state.
The most famous event of this kind was carried out by Sakthan Thampuran, when he beheaded the chief priest of the Nampoothiri oracle, who refused to accept his sovereignty over the famous Vadakkunnathan Temple. Most of the temples in the Cochin kingdom were annexed by the royal government during this period, and were handed over to newly-formed Devaswoms which accepted the ruler's sovereignty as well as allegiance to the deity.
The formation of Travancore itself can be attributed to the misuse of powers of the rajaswom of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple by Ettuveetil Pillai, which attempted to overshadow the powers of reigning Venad king and his kingdom. This generated an opportunity to Marthanda Varma, who finally succeeded in curbing the Ettuveetil Pillai and completing the annexation of the temple, which in turn led to the formation of the Travancore kingdom.
Ever since then, Travancore governments have implemented a policy of slow yet steady annexations of private temples and their assets, and forming Devaswoms for each temple[citation needed].
Colonel Munroe, the British Resident, appointed in 1812 as Diwan of the Cochin and Travancore kingdoms, was responsible for bringing effective controls on temples. Munroe recommended that all Devaswom properties be treated as government properties and the revenue from Devaswom be merged with the general revenues of the state. In addition, for the purpose of meeting the expenses of the temples, Pathiv (that is, a scale of expenditure on uthsavams, remuneration to temple staff, maintenance charges etc.) was proposed. These recommendations were accepted by the maharajas of Cochin and Travancore. A committee was constituted to study its implications in 1815. During the reign of maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi in Travancore, a royal decree was passed forming a Devaswom Board, and most of the temples in Travancore were brought under its control. A few large temples preferred to remain independent, although they declared their allegiance to the Travancore Devaswom Board and assured it they would follow all of its policies.
In the Cchin kingdom, a special commission was appointed to study the formation of Devaswom boards. After a study of 309 Devaswoms, 179 Devaswoms in Cochin state were classified as Sarkkar Devaswoms. Sixty-one Devaswoms were returned to ooraalaars, and another sixty-one were classified as Vazhipaat Devaswoms. This was a major step by the state government, which resulted in the state's acquisition of temple lands and the power to interfere in temple administration. All 179 of these temples were known as 'incorporated Devaswoms' of which 24 were treated as Keezhetams (that is, subordinate to a more important temple). Subsequently, due either to mismanagement by Ooraalaars or under some other pretext, some more temples were taken over by the Sarkkar though their funds were kept separately. Each such Devaswom was called 'unincorporated Devaswom'. Under the Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act of 1896, the government took over the management of Devaswoms which had been mismanaged. Such institutions were called 'assumed Devaswoms'. In 1897 a separate Devaswom Department was formed under a superintendent and all incorporated and un-incorporated Devaswoms were brought under its control. Ten years later in 1907 these incorporated and un-incorporated Devaswoms were merged, and by a later amendment in 1916 a common trust fund was constituted as an endowment.
Both in Cochin and Travancore the head of the Department - hitherto known as superintendent - was re-designated as commissioner on 1st November 1926. Consequent on the integration of the princely states of Travancore and Cochin, the administration of Devaswoms in the Cochin State came under the Cochin Devaswom Board (CDB), constituted on 1st August 1949 under the articles of the covenant entered into by the rulers of Cochin and Travancore on 23rd June 1949. Both the groups of Devaswoms were brought under the Board, first by an ordinance and later by the Travancore – Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act of 1950. On 16th June 1950 the Board was reconstituted. Apart from those temples governed by the CDB, a large number of private temples (known as Ooraanma temples) exists. Those private temples, which get grants from various state-owned Devaswom Boards are also known as Vazhipaat Devaswoms.
As per Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act-1950, State Government of Kerala is responsible managing all temples of Kerala, except owned by those private families and private boards, listed in official Covenant signed between Travancore Ruler and Indian Government in 1949. However being a secular government, Kerala Government, is not allowed to interfere directly into temple affairs, rather only Government appointed Devaswom officials and board as such are authorized to do so. As a law and convention, all devaswom board members as well as officials also have sworn allegiance to Hindu faith and sworn to prime deity of each Devaswom Board.
Kerala also have a Devaswom Minister, in charge of all Devaswom related affairs.
--- On Mon, 8/22/11, vimal Nair <vimalnair2002@hotmail.com> wrote:
From: vimal Nair <vimalnair2002@hotmail.com>
Subject: [www.keralites.net] QUESTION-WHY ONLY HINDU TEMPLES UNDER DEVASOM
To: keralites@yahoogroups.com
Date: Monday, August 22, 2011, 10:31 PM
Dear Friends
Has any one thought about this. Is that why only Hindu Temples are under Devasom Board. Why is that Kerala Government only concentrating only on Hindu Temples. Why are they not having a board for Churches and Mosque. They have more money than a Temple. Is this a Government fear. They know very well if they touch Churches and Mosque, they get there finger and body burnt.
Or is that they can say and do anything for the Hindus. Is this because the Hindus are silent, broad minded and let them (Govt.) do what they want. Where is all the Organization of Hindus. Why are they keeping quiet. The recent remark by the an ex authority shows that they can rebuke, make any remark, abuse, destroy the tradition of Hinduism. Our state is considered to be an educated state. Where is all the educated mass. The study shows that any Temple under Trust function properly and systematically than a Temple under devasom board. Do the Government think that Hindu Temple has got more money than a Church and Mosque. A human being is born without any religion. Only the people has segregated this issue. This kind of apathy should be stopped by the Government. If they make a Board then this should be for all Or if they do not want any Board, then leave the Temples aside and leave it to the Trust.
Could anybody give an answer for all this.
Vimal Nair
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