Thursday, 13 June 2013

[www.keralites.net] Health: Understanding Hepatitis

 

What Is Hepatitis?

Hepatitis is a general term that means inflammation of the liver. It can be acute or chronic and has a number of different causes. It can be caused by a group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses, including A, B, C, D and E. Other viruses may also be the culprit, such as those that cause mononucleosis (the Epstein-Barr virus) or chickenpox (the varicella virus).

Hepatitis also applies to inflammation of the liver caused by drugs and alcohol abuse or toxins in the environment. In addition, people also can develop hepatitis from other factors, such as fat accumulation in the liver (called fatty liver disease), trauma or an autoimmune process in which a person's body makes antibodies that attack the liver.

Viral hepatitis is common. Thousands of cases are reported to the CDC each year, but researchers estimate that the true number of people in the United States who have the disease (acute and chronic) is much higher than the number reported.

Many hepatitis cases go undiagnosed because they are mistaken for the flu. Hepatitis can be serious because it interferes with the liver's many functions. Among other things, the liver produces bile to aid digestion, regulates the chemical composition of the blood, and screens potentially harmful substances from the bloodstream.

The five hepatitis viruses can be transmitted in different ways, but they all have one thing in common: They infect the liver and cause it to become inflamed. Generally, the acute phase of the disease lasts from two to three weeks; complete recovery takes about nine weeks. Many patients recover with a lifelong immunity to the disease, but a few hepatitis victims (less than 1%) die in the acute phase. Hepatitis B and C may progress to chronic hepatitis, in which the liver remains inflamed for more than six months. This condition can lead to cirrhosis and possibly death.

What Causes It?

Although their effects on the liver and the symptoms they produce can be similar, the various forms of hepatitis are contracted in different ways. In the case of viral hepatitis, the severity and duration of the disease are largely determined by the organism that caused it.

Hepatitis A, which is generally contracted orally through fecal contamination of food or water, is considered the least dangerous form of the disease because it almost always resolves on its own. Also, it does not lead to chronic inflammation of the liver. The hepatitis A virus commonly spreads through improper handling of food, contact with household members, sharing toys at day-care centers, and eating raw shellfish taken from polluted waters.

Hepatitis B can spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and needle sharing by intravenous drug users. The virus can pass from mother to child at birth or soon afterward; the virus can also travel between adults and children to infect whole families. In over half of all hepatitis B cases the source cannot be identified.

The majority of adults with hepatitis B recover completely, but a small percentage of them can't shake the disease and become carriers. Carriers can transmit the disease to others even when their own symptoms have vanished. A smaller percentage of patients who cannot fight off the virus will develop chronic hepatitis B. Like carriers, those with chronic hepatitis B are able to pass on the virus. Up to 25% of chronic hepatitis B patients die prematurely from the disease as a result of cirrhosis or liver cancer.

Hepatitis C is usually spread through contact with blood or contaminated needles -- including tattoo needles. Although hepatitis C may cause only mild symptoms or none at all, approximately 20% of those infected develop cirrhosis within 20 years. The disease can be passed on through blood transfusions, but screening, which started in the early '90s, has greatly reduced the number of such cases. In a third of all hepatitis C cases, the source of the disease is unknown.

Hepatitis D occurs only in people infected with hepatitis B and tends to magnify the severity of that disease. It can be transmitted from mother to child and through sexual contact. Although less common, hepatitis D is especially dangerous because it involves two distinct viruses working at once.

Hepatitis E occurs mainly in Asia, Mexico, India, and Africa; only a few cases are reported in the United States, mostly among people who have returned from a country where the disease is widespread. Like hepatitis A, this type is usually spread through fecal contamination, and it does not lead to chronic hepatitis. This form is considered slightly more dangerous than hepatitis A. It can cause severe disease and death in pregnant women.

Other viruses. Other viruses may also be responsible for causing hepatitis. These include the Epstein-Barr virus (often associated with mononucleosis), the varicella virus (which causes chickenpox), the herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus ( CMV).

Alcoholic, toxic, and drug-related hepatitis can produce the same symptoms and liver inflammation that result from viral hepatitis. This form is caused not by invading microorganisms but by excessive and chronic consumption of alcohol, ingestion of environmental toxins, or misuse of certain prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen.


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[www.keralites.net] Khatte-mitten khabhrain from around the world for 13/6/13

 

The wheel is come full circle...
**
High tech news of our times…
The PRISM of safety…
The concept of privacy is changing. Surveillance should be considered a security necessity.
The use of 'metadata' is the cutting edge of electronic surveillance. The programme PRISM is run by the US. Hitherto, the traditional method of intercepting communication where the messages were looked at individuality was overwhelmed when the gates of electronic communication were opened. There is no means by which any group of ppl or even machines can read through the trillions of emails, phone calls, text messages and so on that now zip back and forth across the planet. Combined with the legal requirements of most democracies that opening up messages still require judicial permissions, electronic surveillance looked like a lost cause…
Metadata examination exploits two factors. One is technological, the other legal. The technological one is the development of algorithms that can search through telephone call logs or email flows to look for patterns of behavior that allow a ter.orist hunter to reduce billions of jabbering people to a few thousand with curious SMS habits. The point is this: the messages themselves are not read, even the telephone numbers are not looked at. Only the patterns of activity. The US judiciary, like many other legal systems, had ruled in the 1990s that 'third party' information could not be treated as a person's private affair.
Metadata is here to say.
(Courtesy: Hindustan Times, Mumbai edition, 13/6/13)
**
Tongue very much in cheek...
"Diplomacy is the art of saying "Nice doggie" until you can find a rock" – Will Rogers
**
Heart-warming quote…
"I don't need an award to tell me that my dad is the best dad" – Chelsea, Bill Clinton's daughter, on her dad being named "Father of the Year"
**
Tea, Internet, friends - necessities of modern life: a new study.
(Me: no second opinion…).
**
From the world of science…
Now, a machine to boos women's breast size
London: A new breast boosting machine has been trialled live on a TV show which may help women lift and firm boobs. The new 'Wonderlift' gadget trialled at the TV show. "This morning' is a non-surgical, non-invasive procedure and has claimed to produce results that last for up to two years. A beautician said that the device uses a mixture of micro current and low light therapy. The video clip formed part of 'This Morning' Cosmetic Clinic, which offers advice for viewers.
(Me: Not a bad thing at all as there is no health risk involved like those in silicon jobs)
**
How much waste is produced by factory farms?
Factory farms produce animal manure on a massive scale, to the extent that it cannot be absorbed by the environment. In such quantities, the manure becomes a hazardous waste. Factory farms produce 3 times the waste that is generated by humans.
(Me: So, we can reasonably expect that our locals NGOs would demand complete stoppage of factory farms and insist on going back to stoneage in things like milk procurement…)
**
"Superglue' saves newborn's life... Docs use it to stop bleeding in brain.
Washington: In an unorthodox mode of treatment, doctors have used surgical superglue to save the life of a 20-day-old baby girl in Kansas by stopping the bleeding in her brain.
**
Practising stretching exercises regularly helps increase your endurance.
**
Man to wife: "If you swallow without chewing, big chunks of food tumble through your arteries and smash the cholesterol."
**
A woman decided to have her portrait painted. She told the artist, "Paint me with diamond rings, a diamond necklace, emerald bracelets, a ruby broach, and gold Rolex."
"But you are not wearing any of those things," he replied.
"I know," she said. "It's in case I should die before my husband. I'm sure he will remarry right away, and I want his new wife to go crazy looking for the jewelry."
**
Weird world…
Spanish tax authorities accuse Messi and his father of filing fraud returns to save $5.3 million.
(Me: Why, blame them – most people are loathe to shell out huge sums in taxes from their hard-earned money, more so because the taxes so collected aren't used judiciously…)
**
A soft manager, a hardware manager and a marketing manager are driving to a meeting when a tyre blows. They get out of the car and look at the problem.
The software manager says, "I can't do anything. This is a hardware problem"
The hardware manager says, "Maybe if we turned the car off and on again, it would fix itself."
The marketing manager says, "He, 75% of it is working. Let's ship it!"
**
News of the day…
Book your railway tickets via sms thro your cellphone, even without a net connection!
(Me: Technology has taken giant strides in the last decade and a half, esp. to ease the hardship of millions of rail users in India. Until barely 2 decades ago, inter-state long-distance travellers had to stand in serpentine queues OVERNIGHT and sleep in the footpath in major railway termini like Bombay VT, Bombay Central, Madras Central, etc.)

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[www.keralites.net] വെറുതെ എന്റെ കൈ കൊണ്ട് നേർച്ച ഇടീക്കല്ലേ ജൊർജെ..

 

'ചില പട്ടികൾ കടിക്കും , ചിലത് കൊരയ്ക്കും. ചെലത് കാക്കിയിടും, വെറുതെ എന്റെ കൈ കൊണ്ട് നേർച്ച ഇടീക്കല്ലേ ജൊർജെ..

മമ്മൂട്ടിക്കെതിരെ പി സി ജോര്‍ജ് ! മമ്മൂട്ടി അഭിനയംനിര്‍ത്തണം പി സി ജോര്‍ജ് ! ജോര്‍ജിനെതിരെ മമ്മൂട്ടി ഫാന്‍സ്‌ അസോസിയേഷന്‍ ! ജോര്‍ജിനെതിരെ അസോസിയേഷന്‍ , എഡിറ്റ്‌ചെയിത ദൃശ്യം ഫേസ് ബുക്കില്‍ ഹിറ്റ്

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